Olena Bachinska,

 The military campaigns to Istanbul made by Ukrainian Cossacks at the first half of the XVII century (on the pages of the research periodical press of Russian Empire)
The first half of the XVII century is defined for active external activities of the Ukrainian Cossacks, such as: wars with Rzeczpospolita (Lehistan), Moscovia, Moldova (Bogdan) and Crimea. The campaigns to Ottoman Empire were not exception. Sea campaigns to Empire's cities and fortresses had considerable resonance in international politics and among contemporaries of those events. As a result  of these campaigns the Ottoman's began the war against Rzeczpospolita, the Cossack were involved to take part in  military alliances in Western Europe and also participated in the Thirty Years' War.' Despite the importance and resonance of those campaigns, there are some questions, which are not clarified yet. They concern of the military leaders, the course of actions, the strength of Cossack’s forces and even the consequences of Cossacks' campaigns. Most of modern scholars are based on documents and interpretations which have been published in periodical  press of Russian Empire at the end of the nineteenth century. The purpose of this research work is to find out which documents and views were dominated in the historical science editions devoted to important campaigns to Istanbul. It must be noted that only they are known in modern Ukrainian historical science. It was connected with one special feature. The information about Cossacks military campaigns was received by Rzeczpospolita from Ottoman`s ambassadors and Sultan`s letters with lateness. That intimation was kept in the collections of Ottomans` documents in Polish translation and also in the letters written by Polish` Hetmans un the first quarter of the XVII-th century. Such as by Stalislav Jolkevskii which were published in XIX-th century. Among other native sources must be poited out those which were used at that time and are still used in modern historiographycal publications. They are "Archive of South-West Russia (Archiv yugo-zapadnoy Rossii)" and "The sources from the history of Ukraine-Rus (Djerela z istorii Ukrainy-Rusy)".
In the second half of XIX-th century historical scientific researchers concerning Ukrainian history was intesified on the ukrainian Lands ruled by Russian Empire.The majority of researchers published their materials in the scientific periodical press of Russian Empire. Based on some publications such as "Kievаn antiquity" (Kievskауa starina)", "Magazine of the Ministry of National Enlightenment" (Jurnal Ministerstva Narodnogo Prosvetsheniya), "Russian Antiquity" (Russkaiia starina), "Reserches of Nestor historical society (Chteniia istoricheskogo obtshestva Nestora Letopistsa)" which were the main journals of teh XIX-th century we can characterised the written documents and important discussion about Cossacks military campaigns to Istanbul in the first quarter of XVII-th century. Lets examine the main one of them.
The first military campaign to Istanbul was made by Ukrainian Cossacks in 1615. That year their detachments on the eighty ships "Chaiky" accomplished military raid on the coast beetwenn Istanbul`s ports Mizevna and Archioka and burnt them down. The Sultan was hunting at that moment and saw the smog of Cossacks fire himself. Even the Turkish naval commander was captured during the fight. The march to Podiliia and Volhinya ruled by Cremia Khan the Sultan`s answer to Cossacks. One of the most glorious Hetman Petro Sahaidachny was the leader and commander of this military expedition. The historian Ivan Kamanin gave the fragmental information about the events on the pages of "Reserches of Nestor historical society (Chteniia istoricheskogo obtshestva Nestora Letopistsa)". Next year (1616) the naval operation to Cafa led by Hetman became the resonance occurence. It caused the special discussions with the participation of captive Ukrainian Cossacks and successfull campaign made by Iscander-Pasha to Voloshyna. The same year Cossacks took part in series of raids to Samsun, Trapezunt and other towns and harried Bosfor Lands. It must be noticed that the same actions took place with the aim of enforcement to Rzeczpospolita. Cossacks tried to get more rights and priveleges. It was also the economic component - the military profit. The Sultan or Crimea Khan forces gave the repuls to Cossacks almost always in answer to their forays.
The popularity of Hetman Sahaidachny in the historical esseys is no doubt.  Only in "Kievаn antiquity" (Kievskауa starina)" there were five articles about his political activity. They were written by the prominent historians of the XIX-th century such as Volodymyr Antonovych the teacher of Ivan Kamanin and Oleksandr Lasarevskii. 
The campaigns to Istanbul in 1617 caused the line of debates. It took place during the resistance against Rzeczpospolita and was led by another Hetman - Dmytro Barabash. About one hundred ships "Chaika" sailed to Bosfor and pillaged and burnt  down the capital`s suburb. The military camcaign ruled by Iscander-Pasha and the signing the agreement between him and Polish Hetman Stanislav Zolkiewski near the Yaruga in 1617 were the answer from Sultan. The majority puncts of the pact had anticossacs direction. To fulfel them Rzeczpospolita had create the government comission to subdue the Cossacks. But they were only the promices. Inded Rzeczpospolita had already began the preparations for military march to Moscov Principality and Cossacks had to play one of the main role in it. Thanks those actions Cossacks tried to influence Rzeczpospolita to have the right to next navy raids.
Not only the course of march and its trustworthly but also the personality of its ruler became the cause of some researcher discussions. For a long time the historians believed that it was Petro Sahaidachny. Volodymyr Antonovych, Michael Hrushevsky, Mykhaylo Maksymovych, Mykola Kostomarov, Mykola Markevych tried to analyze this problem on the pages of periodical edditions and their monographs.
The next raid to Istanbul took place in 1620 ot 1621 when Sultan was near Khotyn and prepared for the war against Rzeczpospolita. The question was explored in research works and became known in Ukrainian historiography. The campaign ruling by Petro Sahaidachny was the entity of debates. This version is unbelievable because at that time Hetman was in Kyiv and then in Warsaw. There was the consideration about the Cossacks participation in the war against Ottoman Empire. The main part of Zaporozhia forces the forty thousand moved to Khotyn leading by Hetman Yakiv Borodavka.
According to historical sources and research publications of XIX-th century the Cossacks army remaining in Sich made that military operation to Istanbul. The name of their chief is still unknown.
At the beginning of June 1621 when Sultan with his army went to Constantinopol Cossacks attacked the Turkish ships which sailed the guns, powder and provision and captured them. Then they appeared near Turkish capital, ruined one of its fortresses, marched in Galata and returned home. The French ambassador gave the information that "Chaiky" sailed till to Bosfor, destroyed Caramusol and burnt down the villages of those places. The Vizirs adviced Sultan to come back to the capital. Some "Chaikas" with the Cossacks on the board were captured during the fight against Turkish fleet. All of Cossacks were tortured.
Cossacks had also some other plans except Constantinopol's attack. One part of their detachments moved to Trapezund and another one to the Danube's mouth. At that time the Turkish army crossed the Danube River and sent galleys navigated by Gali-Pasha against "Chaikas". Eighteen "Chaikas" attacked the Turkish ships, took the fiftheen guns and then sank the galleys. According the words of Turkish eye-witness only the small number of Gala-Pasha's sailors returned alive.
And the last military campaign of Ukrainian Cossacks took place in the first quarter of XVII- th century (1624). Some historians such as Vasyl Istrin, Dmytro Yavornytskii, Mykola Kostomarov and Joseph Hammer discussed its reality in the different research periodical publications. The date of the march which was made by Cossacks' forces in 1623 or in 1624, the personalities of its leaders and the numbers of raids became at that time the most debatable questions. Vasyl Istrin belived that the march took place in 1623. He based his theory on the matterials which he found in the Afon's Iverian Cathedral. According to information one hundred "Chaikas" pillaged the Bosfor' coast, got the big military profit, burnt down some districts in the capital and then were captured. Another historian Michael Hrushevskyh  created the essey about three campaigns. Even the French ambassador in Istanbul said that in 1622 thirthy "Chaikas" appeared near the town, ruined the Anatoliya' shore and sank many Turkish ships. He also pointed out that "the four Cossacks ships frightened Turkish people more than the epidemy in Moreya and Barberiia".  In 1623 Cossacks made next raid to Istanbul, but it wasn't glorious. Based on ambassador's messages Michael Hrushevskyi wrote in his work about some other campaigns to Instanbul in 1624.  Cossacks forces made two forrays when Turkish fleet sailed to Cafa. More than 70-80 "Chaikas" or even one hundred Cossacks' ships participared in those campaigns. European' villages Byiuk-Dere and Enikoi and also little town Steniia on the Azov' shore were burnt down during the first campaign. At the second time Cossacks based near the Bosfor' coasts for three days, then they pillaged Faros and another villages and threatend the Turkish arsenal. Modern historians believed that there were only two campaigns in 1623 and in 1624. Olifer Golub and Hrigorii Chornii are mentioned among their chiefs.
So, based on publications  it can be asserted that there were three known military campaigns. They were made by Ukrainian Cossacks to Istanbul at the first half of the XVII century: during 1615-1624. The outstanding Ukrainian and Russian historians such as V. Antonovich, M.Kostomarov, V. Istrin  and other were the main authors of similar publications . It was found out that the main part of these publications in mentioned editions are based on the same sources. Even the way of their interpretations in the ХІХ century and at contemporary historiography are identical. The assertions of this kind open a new field for discussions which are presented in this reserch article. Moreover, the work calls attention to  the fragments of documents from the explored periodical press.Thanks to their analysis the main leaders of campaigns, including: Dmitry Barabash, Peter Sahaidachny Olifer Golub and Hrigorii Chornii can be named.And the course and consequences of most of the campaigns can be also restored. All of explored and mentiond topics are the theme of my research.